1. What are the regulations and licensing requirements for hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
In Connecticut, the regulations and licensing requirements for hemp cultivation are overseen by the Connecticut Department of Agriculture. Prospective hemp cultivators must apply for a license through the Department, which involves submitting detailed information about the intended cultivation activities, such as the location of the hemp fields, the cultivation methods to be used, and the varieties of hemp to be grown. The Department also requires background checks for individuals involved in the cultivation process.
1. Before being issued a license, cultivators may need to provide proof of ownership or legal access to the land where hemp will be grown.
2. Additionally, cultivators must adhere to regulations regarding the THC content of their hemp plants, as industrial hemp must contain less than 0.3% THC on a dry weight basis to be legal.
3. Compliance with state and federal regulations regarding pesticide and fertilizer use, as well as testing and reporting requirements, is also mandatory for hemp cultivators in Connecticut.
Overall, the regulations and licensing requirements for hemp cultivation in Connecticut are designed to ensure the proper oversight and monitoring of hemp production to maintain compliance with state and federal laws.
2. What are the ideal soil conditions for growing hemp in Connecticut?
The ideal soil conditions for growing hemp in Connecticut include well-drained, loamy soil with a pH level between 6.0 and 7.5. This type of soil provides good aeration and allows for proper root development, essential for hemp plants to thrive. Additionally, the soil should be rich in organic matter to support healthy growth and nutrient uptake. Proper soil testing should be conducted to ensure it is free from contaminants such as heavy metals or pesticides, as hemp is known to absorb substances from the soil. In Connecticut, it is also important to consider the soil’s ability to retain moisture, as adequate water availability is crucial for hemp cultivation. Overall, cultivating hemp in soil that meets these conditions will promote optimal plant health and yield.
3. What are the best hemp varieties suited for cultivation in Connecticut’s climate?
Three of the best hemp varieties suited for cultivation in Connecticut’s climate are:
1. Cherry Wine: This variety is known for its high CBD content and strong resistance to mold and mildew, making it ideal for the humid climate of Connecticut. Cherry Wine produces dense flowers with a sweet cherry aroma, making it a popular choice among hemp farmers.
2. T1 Trump: T1 Trump is a versatile hemp variety that thrives in cooler climates like Connecticut. It has a balanced CBD to THC ratio, making it compliant with regulations while still offering potential therapeutic benefits. T1 Trump is also resistant to pests and diseases, making it a reliable choice for growers in the region.
3. Suver Haze: Suver Haze is another hemp variety that does well in Connecticut’s climate. It is known for its high resin production and unique terpene profile, which gives it a strong aroma and flavor. Suver Haze is resistant to cold temperatures and has a relatively short flowering period, making it well-suited for cultivation in the state.
These varieties have been selected based on their adaptability to Connecticut’s climate, disease resistance, and overall quality of the end product, making them excellent choices for hemp cultivation in the region.
4. What pest and disease management strategies are recommended for hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
In Connecticut, hemp cultivation faces potential pest and disease challenges that can impact plant health and yield. To effectively manage these issues, several strategies are recommended:
1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Implementing an IPM approach involves monitoring pest populations regularly, using natural predators and biological controls, practicing crop rotation, and employing physical barriers to minimize the use of chemical pesticides.
2. Variety Selection: Choosing hemp varieties with natural pest and disease resistance can help mitigate potential issues. Selecting cultivars known to thrive in Connecticut’s climate and soil conditions can also improve overall plant health.
3. Sanitation Practices: Maintaining clean cultivation practices, such as removing weed hosts, cultivating the soil, and proper disposal of plant debris, can reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and pest infestations.
4. Fungal Disease Prevention: To prevent common fungal diseases like powdery mildew and botrytis, it is essential to provide adequate airflow by spacing plants appropriately, managing humidity levels, and avoiding overhead irrigation.
By combining these strategies, hemp cultivators in Connecticut can effectively manage pest and disease issues and support the growth of healthy, high-quality crops.
5. What are the best practices for irrigation and water management in hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
The best practices for irrigation and water management in hemp cultivation in Connecticut involve several key considerations:
1. Understanding local climate conditions: Connecticut experiences varying precipitation levels throughout the year. It is important for hemp growers to be familiar with the specific patterns of rainfall in their area to determine the need for supplemental irrigation.
2. Implementing efficient irrigation systems: Drip irrigation or soaker hoses are recommended for hemp cultivation as they deliver water directly to the plant’s root zone, reducing water waste through evaporation or runoff.
3. Monitoring soil moisture: Regularly checking the soil moisture levels using moisture meters or visual inspection is crucial to ensure that the hemp plants are receiving adequate water without being overwatered.
4. Applying mulch: Mulching around hemp plants can help retain soil moisture, reduce evaporation, and suppress weed growth, ultimately conserving water in the cultivation process.
5. Timing of watering: Watering hemp plants early in the morning or late in the evening can minimize water loss due to evaporation and ensure the plants have access to moisture during the peak periods of water uptake.
By following these best practices for irrigation and water management, hemp growers in Connecticut can optimize water usage, promote plant health, and improve overall crop yield.
6. How can farmers optimize hemp yields in Connecticut?
Farmers in Connecticut can optimize hemp yields by following several key strategies:
1. Selecting the right hemp cultivars that are well-suited for the local climate and growing conditions in Connecticut. Certain cultivars may perform better in the region’s specific soil type and temperature range.
2. Implementing proper soil preparation and fertility management practices to ensure that the hemp plants have access to essential nutrients for healthy growth and development.
3. Monitoring and managing pests and diseases effectively to prevent crop damage and yield losses. This can be done through regular scouting, using integrated pest management strategies, and applying organic or safe pesticides when necessary.
4. Providing adequate irrigation to the hemp plants, especially during critical growth stages to prevent water stress and maximize yield potential.
5. Implementing proper spacing and planting density to optimize sunlight exposure and airflow within the hemp canopy, which can help prevent disease outbreaks and promote overall plant health.
6. Harvesting the hemp crop at the right time to ensure maximum cannabinoid content and overall crop quality. Timing is crucial to avoid losses due to overmature or undermature plants.
By following these strategies and staying informed about best hemp cultivation practices, farmers in Connecticut can optimize their hemp yields and achieve successful harvests.
7. What is the ideal planting and harvesting schedule for hemp in Connecticut?
In Connecticut, the ideal planting schedule for hemp typically falls between late May and early June when the soil temperatures have warmed to around 50°F. This timing allows for optimal germination and early growth of the plants. However, the exact timing may vary slightly depending on the specific climate conditions and the hemp cultivar being planted. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct soil tests and prepare the land well in advance to ensure proper nutrient levels and optimal growing conditions for the hemp.
Harvesting of hemp in Connecticut usually takes place between late September and early October. This timing is crucial to ensure that the plants are harvested before the onset of frost or cold weather, which can negatively impact the quality of the crop. It is important to monitor the maturity of the hemp plants closely to determine the ideal time for harvesting, typically when the plants have reached full maturity and the CBD levels are at their peak. Proper drying and storage procedures should be followed post-harvest to preserve the quality of the hemp crop.
Key factors to consider when determining the planting and harvesting schedule for hemp in Connecticut include:
1. Local climate conditions and frost dates
2. Hemp cultivar characteristics and maturity timeline
3. Soil quality and nutrient levels
4. Pest and disease pressure in the region
5. Availability of labor and equipment for planting and harvesting
6. Regulatory compliance with state and federal hemp laws and guidelines
7. Market demand and pricing for hemp products in the region
By carefully considering these factors and following best practices for hemp cultivation, farmers in Connecticut can optimize their planting and harvesting schedule to achieve a successful hemp crop with high yields and quality.
8. Are there any specific nutrients or fertilizers that are recommended for hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
Yes, there are specific nutrients and fertilizers that are recommended for hemp cultivation in Connecticut. Here are some key recommendations:
1. Nitrogen: Hemp plants require nitrogen for healthy leaf and stem growth. Organic sources of nitrogen such as composted manure or alfalfa meal are commonly used in organic hemp cultivation.
2. Phosphorus: Phosphorus is essential for root development and flowering in hemp plants. A balanced phosphorus-rich fertilizer or bone meal can be beneficial during the early stages of growth.
3. Potassium: Potassium helps with overall plant health, stress tolerance, and flower development. Potassium sulfate or kelp meal are good options for providing potassium to hemp plants.
4. Calcium and Magnesium: These are important secondary nutrients for hemp plants. Dolomitic lime or gypsum can help supply calcium and magnesium to the soil.
5. Micronutrients: Hemp plants also require trace elements like iron, manganese, zinc, and boron for optimal growth. A balanced micronutrient fertilizer or foliar spray can help ensure that these essential elements are available to the plants.
It is recommended to conduct a soil test before applying any fertilizers to determine the specific nutrient needs of the hemp crop. Additionally, organic fertilizers are often preferred for hemp cultivation to promote soil health and sustainability.
9. What are the key considerations for greenhouse hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
When considering greenhouse hemp cultivation in Connecticut, several key factors should be taken into account to ensure successful cultivation and high-quality yields:
1. Climate Control: Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for hemp cultivation, allowing you to adjust factors such as temperature, humidity, and light to create optimal growing conditions for hemp plants in Connecticut’s varying climate.
2. Lighting: Supplemental lighting may be necessary in greenhouses to ensure that hemp plants receive adequate light levels, especially during the shorter days of the year in Connecticut. LED grow lights are a popular choice for this purpose.
3. Ventilation: Proper ventilation is crucial in greenhouses to maintain airflow, prevent mold and pests, and regulate temperature and humidity levels. Consider installing fans, vents, and other ventilation systems to ensure air circulation throughout the greenhouse.
4. Water Management: Establishing a reliable irrigation system is essential for greenhouse hemp cultivation in Connecticut. Monitor water levels closely to prevent overwatering or underwatering, as hemp plants are sensitive to fluctuations in moisture levels.
5. Pest and Disease Management: Greenhouses can provide a protected environment for pests and diseases to thrive. Implement an integrated pest management (IPM) approach to monitor and control pests using environmentally friendly methods to avoid chemical residues on hemp plants.
6. Compliance and Licensing: Before cultivating hemp in a greenhouse in Connecticut, ensure that you are compliant with state regulations and obtain the necessary licenses and permits for hemp cultivation.
7. Genetics and Cultivar Selection: Choose hemp cultivars that are well-suited for greenhouse cultivation in Connecticut, taking into consideration factors such as disease resistance, growth characteristics, and cannabinoid profiles.
8. Harvesting and Processing: Plan ahead for the harvesting and processing of hemp plants grown in the greenhouse. Consider the logistics of harvesting, drying, and curing hemp biomass to preserve quality and maximize yields.
9. Testing and Quality Control: Regularly test hemp plants for cannabinoid content, pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants to ensure compliance with Connecticut’s regulations and maintain product quality for the end consumer.
By carefully considering these key factors and implementing best practices for greenhouse hemp cultivation in Connecticut, you can increase the success of your hemp crop and achieve desirable outcomes.
10. How can farmers prevent cross-pollination in hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
Farmers in Connecticut can prevent cross-pollination in hemp cultivation through the following methods:
1. Planting Distance: Ensuring an adequate distance between hemp plants can help reduce the chances of cross-pollination. By spacing plants appropriately, farmers can minimize the risk of pollination between different varieties or crops.
2. Planting Dates: Farmers can stagger planting dates to avoid simultaneous flowering periods between different hemp crops. This can help control the timing of pollen release and reduce the likelihood of cross-pollination.
3. Buffer Zones: Creating buffer zones between different hemp fields or between hemp and other crops can act as a physical barrier to prevent cross-pollination. Planting non-hemp crops as barrier rows can also help minimize pollen drift between fields.
4. Male Plant Removal: Removing male hemp plants from the cultivation area can prevent them from releasing pollen and cross-pollinating female plants. This technique is especially useful for farmers focusing on seedless flower production.
5. Pollination Bags: Covering female hemp plants with pollination bags can protect them from unwanted pollen and ensure controlled pollination. This method is commonly used in breeding programs or when producing specific genetic strains.
By implementing these strategies in their hemp cultivation practices, farmers in Connecticut can effectively prevent cross-pollination and maintain the integrity of their hemp crop.
11. What are the rules and regulations regarding testing and THC levels for hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
In Connecticut, hemp cultivation is subject to strict rules and regulations regarding testing and THC levels. The state requires that all hemp growers adhere to guidelines outlined in the Connecticut Department of Agriculture’s Hemp Research Pilot Program. Here are the key aspects related to testing and THC levels:
1. Testing Requirements: Hemp growers in Connecticut are required to have their crops tested by an approved laboratory to ensure compliance with state regulations. The testing typically involves analyzing the THC levels in the plants to ensure they do not exceed the legal limit.
2. THC Limits: In Connecticut, hemp crops must not exceed the legal limit of 0.3% THC on a dry weight basis. This threshold is in line with federal regulations set by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, also known as the Farm Bill.
3. Sampling Procedures: The state mandates specific sampling procedures for hemp crops to be tested for THC levels. Growers are required to follow these procedures carefully to ensure accurate and representative samples are collected for testing.
4. Reporting Requirements: Once the testing is complete, hemp growers must submit the test results to the Connecticut Department of Agriculture. Failure to comply with reporting requirements or exceeding THC limits can result in penalties or the revocation of cultivation licenses.
5. Compliance and Enforcement: The Department of Agriculture in Connecticut actively enforces regulations related to hemp cultivation, including testing and THC limits. Growers must stay informed about any updates or changes to these regulations to ensure compliance.
Overall, adherence to testing requirements and THC limits is crucial for hemp growers in Connecticut to operate legally and sustainably. By following these regulations, growers can help maintain the integrity of the hemp industry and contribute to its continued growth in the state.
12. What are the common challenges faced by hemp farmers in Connecticut and how can they be mitigated?
Common challenges faced by hemp farmers in Connecticut include:
1. Regulatory restrictions: Meeting the strict state and federal regulations surrounding hemp cultivation can be challenging for farmers in Connecticut. One way to mitigate this is through proper education and staying up-to-date with any changes in regulations to ensure compliance.
2. Pest and disease management: Hemp is susceptible to pests and diseases that can significantly impact crop yield and quality. Farmers can mitigate this challenge by implementing integrated pest management strategies, such as crop rotation, companion planting, and using organic pesticides.
3. Weather conditions: Connecticut’s variable weather patterns can pose a challenge to hemp cultivation, as extreme temperatures or unexpected rainfall can damage crops. Farmers can mitigate this by utilizing hoop houses or greenhouses to control growing conditions and protect the plants from adverse weather.
4. Access to reliable genetics: Obtaining high-quality hemp seeds or seedlings can be a challenge for farmers in Connecticut. To mitigate this, farmers should source genetics from reputable suppliers and conduct thorough research to ensure they are choosing varieties that are well-suited to the local growing conditions.
5. Market volatility: Fluctuations in market demand and prices for hemp products can pose a challenge for farmers in Connecticut. Mitigation strategies include diversifying product offerings, establishing strong relationships with buyers, and staying informed about market trends.
Overall, addressing these challenges requires a combination of careful planning, ongoing education, and proactive management practices to ensure successful hemp cultivation in Connecticut.
13. How can farmers ensure compliance with federal and state laws related to hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
Farmers in Connecticut can ensure compliance with federal and state laws related to hemp cultivation by following these key steps:
1. Obtain the necessary licenses and permits: Farmers must first apply for a license to cultivate hemp with the Connecticut Department of Agriculture. It is crucial to be familiar with the specific requirements and deadlines for applying for these licenses.
2. Understand the regulations: Familiarize yourself with both federal regulations outlined in the 2018 Farm Bill and the specific state laws in Connecticut regarding hemp cultivation. Stay updated on any changes or updates to these regulations to ensure compliance.
3. Test your crops: Regular testing of hemp crops is essential to ensure that THC levels remain below the legal limit of 0.3%. Use accredited testing facilities to verify the THC content of your plants.
4. Keep detailed records: Maintain accurate records of your cultivation activities, including planting dates, harvest dates, seed sources, testing results, and disposal methods for non-compliant plants. This documentation will be crucial in demonstrating compliance during inspections.
5. Stay informed: Attend workshops, seminars, and training sessions related to hemp cultivation to stay informed about best practices and regulatory updates. Networking with other hemp farmers and industry professionals can also provide valuable insights into compliance strategies.
By following these steps and remaining vigilant about compliance with federal and state laws, hemp farmers in Connecticut can ensure a successful and legally compliant cultivation operation.
14. Is organic hemp cultivation feasible in Connecticut and what are the certification requirements?
Yes, organic hemp cultivation is feasible in Connecticut. The state has a suitable climate and soil conditions for hemp cultivation, and many farmers are increasingly interested in organic farming practices. To become certified organic, hemp growers in Connecticut must adhere to the USDA’s National Organic Program (NOP) standards. This involves using organic seeds and planting stock, following organic agricultural practices without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, maintaining organic integrity throughout the growing process, and keeping detailed records of all practices and inputs used in cultivation.
Certification requirements for organic hemp cultivation in Connecticut include:
1. Submitting an organic system plan detailing farming practices,
2. Using organic seeds and planting materials,
3. Managing soil fertility through organic means,
4. Implementing crop rotation and pest management strategies that comply with organic standards,
5. Keeping detailed records of all activities related to cultivation,
6. Undergoing annual inspections by a USDA-accredited certifying agency.
By meeting these requirements, hemp growers in Connecticut can obtain organic certification for their products, demonstrating their commitment to sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices.
15. What are the opportunities and challenges for small-scale hemp farmers in Connecticut?
Opportunities for small-scale hemp farmers in Connecticut include the growing consumer demand for hemp-derived products such as CBD oil, textiles, and nutrition supplements. With the passing of the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp cultivation has been legalized, providing small farmers with a new crop to diversify their offerings and potentially increase revenue. Additionally, Connecticut’s climate and fertile soil provide suitable conditions for hemp cultivation, making it a viable option for local farmers.
Challenges faced by small-scale hemp farmers in Connecticut include stringent regulations and licensing requirements imposed by the state Department of Agriculture. These regulations can be complex and costly to comply with, especially for small farmers with limited resources. Another challenge is the lack of established market infrastructure for hemp products in the state, making it difficult for farmers to sell their harvest at competitive prices. Additionally, the risk of cross-pollination with THC-containing cannabis plants poses a threat to hemp crops, as it can lead to non-compliance with legal THC limits.
Overall, while there are opportunities for small-scale hemp farmers in Connecticut, they must navigate the challenges posed by regulations, market limitations, and crop risks to successfully cultivate and capitalize on the growing hemp industry in the state.
16. How can farmers market and sell their hemp products in Connecticut?
Farmers looking to market and sell their hemp products in Connecticut have several options available to them. First, they can consider selling their products directly to consumers at farmers’ markets or through farm stands. This allows for a personal connection with customers and provides an opportunity to educate them about the benefits of hemp products. Second, farmers can explore selling their products to local retailers such as health food stores, wellness centers, or CBD shops. Establishing partnerships with these outlets can help reach a wider customer base. Third, farmers can also consider selling online through their own website or platforms like Etsy or Amazon. This allows for reaching a broader audience beyond Connecticut. Additionally, farmers can participate in hemp-related events, trade shows, and fairs to showcase their products and network with potential customers and industry partners. It’s crucial for farmers to ensure compliance with Connecticut’s regulations regarding the cultivation and sale of hemp products and to properly label and market their products to meet consumer demand and expectations.
17. Are there any research initiatives or resources available to support hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
Yes, there are research initiatives and resources available to support hemp cultivation in Connecticut. The University of Connecticut (UConn) has a research program focused on hemp cultivation, providing valuable information and support to farmers in the state. Additionally, the Connecticut Department of Agriculture offers resources and guidance for those interested in growing hemp, including information on licensing, regulations, and best practices. Various industry associations and organizations, such as the Connecticut Hemp Industry Association, also provide support and networking opportunities for hemp farmers in the state. Furthermore, local agricultural extension offices and research institutions may offer workshops, webinars, and other educational programs to assist hemp growers in improving their cultivation practices and increasing their yields.
18. What are the important considerations for CBD extraction from hemp grown in Connecticut?
Important considerations for CBD extraction from hemp grown in Connecticut include:
1. State regulations: Connecticut has specific regulations governing hemp cultivation and CBD extraction. It is crucial to understand and comply with these regulations to ensure legal operation and product compliance.
2. Quality of hemp: The quality of the hemp plants grown in Connecticut will directly impact the quality of the CBD extract. Factors such as the hemp strain, growing conditions, and cultivation practices should be optimized to produce high-quality CBD-rich hemp flowers.
3. Extraction method: Choosing the right extraction method is crucial for obtaining a high-quality CBD extract. Common extraction methods include CO2 extraction, ethanol extraction, and hydrocarbon extraction. Each method has its advantages and considerations in terms of efficiency, purity, and safety.
4. Testing and compliance: Regular testing of the hemp plants and final CBD extract is necessary to ensure compliance with both state regulations and industry standards. Testing should include cannabinoid potency, terpene profile, residual solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals.
5. Sustainability and environmental impact: Considerations should also be given to sustainable cultivation practices and environmentally friendly extraction methods to minimize the impact on the environment and promote sustainability in the hemp industry.
By carefully considering these factors, hemp cultivators and CBD extractors in Connecticut can ensure the production of high-quality CBD extracts that meet regulatory requirements and consumer expectations.
19. How can farmers ensure quality control and consistency in hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
Farmers in Connecticut can ensure quality control and consistency in hemp cultivation through several key measures:
1. Soil Testing: Conducting regular soil tests to ensure the soil pH, nutrient levels, and composition are optimal for hemp growth.
2. Seed Selection: Choosing high-quality hemp seeds from reputable sources that are suited to the local growing conditions in Connecticut.
3. Irrigation Management: Implementing a consistent irrigation schedule to provide the hemp plants with the right amount of water without overwatering or underwatering.
4. Pest and Disease Management: Monitoring the hemp plants regularly for pests and diseases and implementing integrated pest management strategies to prevent infestations.
5. Harvesting at the Right Time: Timing the harvest correctly based on the hemp variety being cultivated to ensure maximum cannabinoid content and quality.
6. Drying and Curing: Properly drying and curing the harvested hemp flowers to preserve the cannabinoids and terpenes and prevent mold or mildew growth.
7. Testing and Compliance: Regularly testing the hemp plants for THC levels to ensure compliance with state and federal regulations and maintaining accurate records of testing results.
By implementing these practices, farmers in Connecticut can maintain quality control and consistency in their hemp cultivation operations, leading to higher yields and better-quality hemp products.
20. What are the future prospects and trends for hemp cultivation in Connecticut?
In Connecticut, the future prospects for hemp cultivation are promising. With the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill legalizing hemp at the federal level, there is an increasing interest and investment in hemp cultivation across the country, including Connecticut. Some key trends and prospects for hemp cultivation in the state include:
1. Expanding Market Opportunities: The growing interest in hemp-derived products such as CBD, textiles, and industrial materials creates a robust market for hemp cultivation in Connecticut. As consumers become more aware of the benefits of hemp products, the demand for locally grown hemp is expected to increase.
2. Research and Innovation: Connecticut has a strong agricultural research infrastructure, including universities and research institutions, which can contribute to advancements in hemp cultivation techniques and genetics. This research and innovation can help local farmers improve crop yield, quality, and sustainability.
3. Regulatory Support: The Connecticut Department of Agriculture has been proactive in establishing regulations and licensing procedures for hemp cultivation, providing a supportive framework for farmers looking to enter the hemp industry. As the regulatory environment becomes clearer and more supportive, it will encourage further growth in the hemp sector.
4. Environmental Benefits: Hemp is known for its environmental benefits, such as requiring less water and pesticides compared to other crops. As sustainability becomes a priority in agriculture, the cultivation of hemp in Connecticut can contribute to environmentally friendly farming practices.
5. Job Creation and Economic Growth: The hemp industry has the potential to create new job opportunities and economic growth in Connecticut, particularly in rural areas where traditional agriculture may be struggling. By supporting hemp cultivation, the state can diversify its agricultural sector and boost local economies.
Overall, the future prospects for hemp cultivation in Connecticut look promising, driven by market demand, research advancements, regulatory support, environmental benefits, and economic opportunities. As the industry continues to evolve and mature, it is likely that hemp cultivation will play an increasingly significant role in the state’s agricultural landscape.
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