1. What are the most common crop diseases affecting Oregon agriculture?
The most common crop diseases affecting Oregon agriculture vary depending on the type of crops grown in the region. However, some of the prevalent crop diseases in Oregon include:
1. Wheat Stripe Rust: This fungal disease affects wheat crops and can lead to significant yield losses if not properly managed. Stripe rust thrives in cool, moist conditions, which are common in parts of Oregon.
2. Powdery Mildew: Another common disease in Oregon, powdery mildew affects a wide range of crops, including grapes, berries, and certain vegetable crops. This fungal disease forms white powdery patches on the leaves, leading to reduced photosynthesis and stunted growth.
3. Potato Late Blight: Potato late blight is a serious concern for potato growers in Oregon, as it can spread rapidly and devastate entire crops if left unchecked. This fungal disease thrives in cool, wet conditions and can cause significant economic losses.
4. Pear Fire Blight: Fire blight is a bacterial disease that affects pear and apple trees in Oregon. It causes wilting, blackening of shoots, and cankers on the branches, ultimately leading to reduced fruit production.
5. Downy Mildew: Downy mildew is a common disease in crops such as grapes, cucumbers, and lettuce in Oregon. This fungal-like pathogen thrives in humid conditions and can quickly spread throughout a crop, causing severe damage.
Effective disease management strategies, including crop rotation, proper sanitation, and timely application of fungicides, are crucial for controlling these common crop diseases in Oregon agriculture. Collaborating with local extension services and agricultural experts can also provide valuable guidance on disease prevention and management practices.
2. How do environmental factors in Oregon contribute to the prevalence of certain crop diseases?
Environmental factors play a crucial role in the prevalence of certain crop diseases in Oregon. Here are some ways in which these factors contribute:
1. Humidity: Oregon’s climate, particularly in the western part of the state, is characterized by high levels of humidity. This creates a favorable environment for diseases such as powdery mildew and downy mildew to thrive on crops like grapes, berries, and hops.
2. Rainfall: Oregon experiences significant rainfall, especially during the fall and winter months. Excessive moisture can lead to waterlogged soils and create conditions ideal for diseases like root rot and damping-off in crops such as potatoes, lettuce, and brassicas.
3. Temperature: Oregon’s moderate temperatures provide a suitable environment for the spread of various fungal and bacterial pathogens. For example, the cool and wet conditions in the Willamette Valley can contribute to the development of diseases like Botrytis in berries and gray mold in vegetables.
4. Wind: Wind can also play a role in spreading diseases by carrying fungal spores or bacterial pathogens from one field to another. In Oregon, windy conditions can facilitate the spread of diseases like rust in wheat or fire blight in apples and pears.
5. Crop diversity: Oregon’s diverse agricultural landscape, with a wide variety of crops being grown in close proximity, can also contribute to the spread of diseases. Crop rotation and proper management practices are essential to mitigate the risk of disease outbreaks in such environments.
Overall, the combination of these environmental factors in Oregon creates a unique set of challenges for farmers in managing crop diseases effectively. Implementing integrated pest management strategies, including the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices, and judicious use of pesticides, is essential to minimize the impact of these factors on crop health and productivity.
3. What are the typical symptoms of common crop diseases found in Oregon?
In Oregon, common crop diseases can cause various symptoms, depending on the specific disease and crop type. Some typical symptoms of common crop diseases include:
1. Powdery mildew: This fungal disease appears as a white, powdery growth on the leaves, stems, and fruit of plants such as grapes, berries, and cucurbits. It can lead to stunted growth and reduce yield quality.
2. Late blight: A common disease of potato and tomato plants, late blight causes dark, water-soaked lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit. The lesions may appear greasy and have a grayish mold growth in wet conditions.
3. Rusts: Rust diseases, such as wheat and cedar-apple rust, present as orange or reddish-brown powdery pustules on the surface of leaves, causing them to turn yellow, wither, and eventually drop prematurely.
4. Verticillium wilt: This soilborne fungus affects a wide range of crops, including tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, and trees. Infected plants show wilting, yellowing, and necrosis in the leaves and branches, often leading to plant death.
5. Downy mildew: Common in crops like grapes, cucurbits, and lettuce, downy mildew causes yellow spots on the upper leaf surface, with grayish-white downy growth on the underside. Infected plants may experience reduced growth and yield.
Identifying these symptoms promptly and accurately is crucial for implementing effective disease management strategies, such as cultural practices, fungicide applications, and crop rotation, to minimize the impact of crop diseases on agricultural production in Oregon.
4. What are the best practices for preventing crop diseases in Oregon?
The best practices for preventing crop diseases in Oregon involve a combination of proactive measures aimed at reducing the risk of infection and promoting overall plant health. Some key strategies include:
1. Crop Rotation: Rotating crops can help break the cycle of diseases that are specific to certain plant species. By planting different crops in the same area each season, you can decrease the buildup of pathogens in the soil.
2. Proper Irrigation: Overhead irrigation can create a moist environment that is conducive to disease development. Utilizing drip irrigation or other targeted watering systems can help keep foliage dry and minimize the spread of fungal pathogens.
3. Sanitation: Practicing good hygiene in the field, such as removing diseased plant material, cleaning equipment between uses, and properly disposing of plant debris, can help prevent the spread of diseases.
4. Resistant Varieties: Planting disease-resistant crop varieties can provide an additional layer of protection against common pathogens prevalent in the Oregon region.
5. Monitoring and Early Detection: Regularly inspecting crops for signs of disease and promptly addressing any issues that arise can help prevent the spread of pathogens to healthy plants.
By implementing these best practices consistently, farmers in Oregon can help safeguard their crops against diseases and maintain a healthy and productive agricultural system.
5. How can farmers in Oregon identify and diagnose crop diseases early on?
Farmers in Oregon can identify and diagnose crop diseases early on through a combination of vigilant monitoring practices and timely action. Here are five key steps they can take:
1. Regular Scouting: Farmers should regularly inspect their crops for any signs of disease, such as discoloration, lesions, wilting, or stunted growth. This can be done by walking through fields and visually inspecting plants.
2. Utilize Technology: Farmers can leverage technology tools like drones, satellite imagery, and disease forecasting models to detect and monitor crop diseases. These tools can help identify potential issues in a more comprehensive and timely manner.
3. Consult with Experts: Farmers should establish relationships with agricultural extension services, plant pathologists, or crop consultants who can provide guidance on identifying and diagnosing crop diseases. These experts can offer valuable insights and recommend appropriate management strategies.
4. Keep Records: Maintaining detailed records of crop health, planting dates, weather conditions, and any observed symptoms can help farmers track disease progression over time. This information can aid in diagnosing recurring issues and implementing effective control measures.
5. Implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies: By practicing IPM, farmers can proactively manage crop diseases through a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical control methods. This holistic approach can help prevent outbreaks and minimize crop losses.
Overall, early detection and diagnosis of crop diseases are crucial for effective disease management. By following these practices, farmers in Oregon can promptly identify issues, take appropriate action, and protect their crops from potential threats.
6. Are there any emerging or invasive crop diseases that farmers in Oregon should be aware of?
Yes, there are several emerging and invasive crop diseases that farmers in Oregon should be aware of. Some of the key diseases to watch out for include:
1. Wheat Stripe Rust: This fungal disease can cause significant yield losses in wheat crops if not managed effectively. It thrives in cool, wet conditions and can spread rapidly if left unchecked.
2. Potato Late Blight: This destructive disease can affect both potato and tomato crops in Oregon. It is caused by a fungus-like organism and can lead to complete crop loss if not controlled through timely fungicide applications and proper cultural practices.
3. Sudden Oak Death: While not a traditional crop disease, sudden oak death is a serious threat to Oregon’s oak trees and can impact forest health and biodiversity. It is caused by a pathogen called Phytophthora ramorum and can spread quickly through water and soil.
4. Soybean Rust: Although soybean production is not as prevalent in Oregon as in other states, soybean rust is a disease that farmers should be aware of. This fungal disease can infect soybean plants and cause considerable yield losses if not managed effectively.
It is important for farmers in Oregon to stay informed about these emerging and invasive crop diseases, monitor their fields regularly, and implement appropriate management strategies to prevent and control outbreaks. Working closely with local agricultural extension services and staying up to date on disease management practices can help farmers mitigate the impact of these threats on their crops.
7. What are the most effective treatment options for managing crop diseases in Oregon?
In Oregon, the most effective treatment options for managing crop diseases generally involve a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical strategies. Here are some key approaches that are commonly used:
1. Cultural Practices: This involves implementing practices such as crop rotation, planting disease-resistant varieties, proper irrigation techniques, and maintaining proper spacing between plants to reduce the risk of disease spread.
2. Biological Controls: Using beneficial microorganisms or predators to suppress disease-causing pathogens. This can include the use of biopesticides or introducing beneficial insects to control pest populations that can transmit diseases.
3. Chemical Controls: Fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments can be used to manage crop diseases when cultural and biological methods are not sufficient. It is important to follow label instructions and regulations when using chemical controls to minimize environmental impacts.
4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): This approach combines various strategies to manage pest and disease issues in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. IPM emphasizes monitoring, prevention, and judicious use of control methods to minimize the impact on beneficial organisms and the ecosystem.
5. Proper Sanitation: Removing and destroying infected plant material, cleaning equipment between uses, and practicing good hygiene in the field can help prevent the spread of diseases.
6. Monitoring and Early Detection: Regularly scouting fields for signs of disease and monitoring weather conditions that favor disease development can help in early detection and timely management of crop diseases.
By integrating these strategies and adapting them to the specific crop types and disease pressures in Oregon, farmers can effectively manage crop diseases and maintain the health and productivity of their crops.
8. How does crop rotation play a role in disease management for Oregon growers?
In Oregon, crop rotation is an essential practice for disease management among growers. 1. Crop rotation helps disrupt the life cycles of many plant pathogens, such as fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, that can build up in the soil over consecutive growing seasons. By rotating different crops with varying susceptibility to specific diseases, growers can reduce the risk of disease outbreaks. 2. Furthermore, rotating crops can help improve soil health and fertility, which in turn enhances the overall vigor and resilience of the plants, making them less susceptible to diseases. 3. Crop rotation also helps break the cycle of pests and diseases that target specific crops, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and fungicides. Overall, crop rotation is a sustainable and effective method for disease management in Oregon agriculture.
9. Are there any resistant crop varieties that are recommended for planting in Oregon to reduce disease risk?
Yes, there are several resistant crop varieties that are recommended for planting in Oregon to help reduce the risk of diseases. Some examples include:
1. Wheat: Varieties like Madsen, Hill 81, and Xerpha have shown resistance to diseases such as stripe rust and Fusarium head blight.
2. Peas: Varieties like Arvika and Salamanca are resistant to powdery mildew, a common disease in peas grown in Oregon.
3. Tomatoes: Varieties like Iron Lady, Mountain Merit, and Defiant are resistant to various fungal diseases such as early blight and late blight.
Planting resistant varieties is a key component of integrated disease management in agricultural systems, as it helps reduce the reliance on chemical treatments and minimizes the impact of diseases on crop yields. Farmers in Oregon should consider selecting resistant varieties that are well-suited to the local growing conditions and prevalent diseases in the region to optimize disease control strategies and improve overall crop health.
10. What role do pesticides and fungicides play in controlling crop diseases in Oregon?
Pesticides and fungicides play a crucial role in controlling crop diseases in Oregon by effectively managing and minimizing the impact of various pathogens on agricultural crops.
1. Pesticides: These chemical substances are used to control pests such as insects, mites, and other organisms that can damage crops. In Oregon, pesticides are commonly applied to protect crops from destructive pests like aphids, caterpillars, and beetles. By targeting these pests, pesticides help reduce the spread of diseases transmitted by insects, thus preventing potential crop losses.
2. Fungicides: Fungicides are another important tool in managing crop diseases caused by fungal pathogens. These chemicals are applied to crops to prevent and control fungal infections that can lead to issues like powdery mildew, rust, and blight. In Oregon, where humid conditions can be conducive to fungal growth, fungicides play a critical role in protecting crops such as berries, grapes, and hazelnuts from fungal diseases.
Overall, pesticides and fungicides are essential components of integrated pest management strategies in Oregon, helping farmers maintain the health and productivity of their crops while minimizing the risk of disease outbreaks. It is important for growers to follow proper application guidelines and regulations to ensure the effective and responsible use of these chemicals in crop production.
11. How can farmers utilize integrated pest management strategies to combat crop diseases in Oregon?
Farmers in Oregon can effectively utilize integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to combat crop diseases by following these steps:
1. Implementing a multi-tactic approach: This involves combining different strategies such as cultural practices, biological control, and the judicious use of chemical pesticides. By diversifying the control methods, farmers can reduce the reliance on any single approach, making it harder for pests and diseases to develop resistance.
2. Monitoring and early detection: Regular scouting of fields allows farmers to identify disease outbreaks at an early stage. This enables prompt action to be taken to prevent the spread of the disease to other plants or fields.
3. Utilizing disease-resistant crop varieties: Planting crop varieties that are resistant to prevalent diseases in the region can significantly reduce the impact of diseases on crop yields. Farmers should select and plant varieties that have been bred for disease resistance whenever possible.
4. Crop rotation and crop diversity: Rotating crops can help break the disease cycle by disrupting the lifecycle of pathogens that may be specific to certain crops. Additionally, planting a diverse range of crops can reduce the buildup of disease-causing organisms in the soil.
5. Improving soil health: Healthy soils support vigorous plant growth, making crops less susceptible to diseases. Practices such as maintaining proper nutrient levels, good drainage, and avoiding soil compaction can all contribute to a healthier soil ecosystem that is more resilient to diseases.
By implementing these IPM strategies, farmers in Oregon can effectively combat crop diseases while minimizing the reliance on chemical pesticides, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and ensuring the long-term health and productivity of their crops.
12. What resources and support are available for Oregon farmers dealing with crop diseases?
Oregon farmers dealing with crop diseases have access to various resources and support systems to help them manage and combat these issues effectively. Some key resources and support available for Oregon farmers facing crop diseases include:
1. Oregon State University Extension Service: The Extension Service provides research-based information, diagnostics, and management recommendations for a wide range of crop diseases affecting Oregon farmers.
2. Oregon Department of Agriculture: The Department of Agriculture offers assistance with disease monitoring, identification, and control measures for farmers in Oregon.
3. Crop consultants and agronomists: Farmers can seek advice and guidance from crop consultants and agronomists who specialize in crop diseases and can provide tailored solutions for their specific needs.
4. Local agricultural cooperatives and organizations: Farmers can connect with local agricultural cooperatives and organizations that may offer education, training, and resources for managing crop diseases effectively.
5. Pest management professionals: Farmers can work with pest management professionals who are skilled in identifying, monitoring, and controlling crop diseases using environmentally friendly and sustainable practices.
Overall, Oregon farmers have access to a wide range of resources and support systems to help them address and mitigate crop diseases, enabling them to protect their crops and livelihoods effectively.
13. How does climate change impact the prevalence and spread of crop diseases in Oregon?
Climate change can have a significant impact on the prevalence and spread of crop diseases in Oregon in several ways:
1. Shift in temperatures and precipitation patterns can create more favorable conditions for certain pathogens, leading to an increase in disease incidence.
2. Changes in humidity levels can also affect disease development, as many fungi thrive in warm and moist environments.
3. Variability in weather patterns can disrupt traditional cropping systems and planting schedules, making crops more susceptible to diseases.
4. Climate change may also alter the distribution of insect vectors that transmit plant diseases, potentially introducing new pathogens to the region.
5. Extreme weather events, such as floods or droughts, can weaken crops and make them more vulnerable to diseases.
Overall, climate change can create a more hospitable environment for crop diseases to thrive and spread, posing challenges for Oregon’s agricultural industry and food security. Efforts to mitigate these impacts may include developing disease-resistant crop varieties, implementing sustainable farming practices, and monitoring and early detection of disease outbreaks.
14. What are the economic impacts of crop diseases on Oregon agriculture?
Crop diseases have significant economic impacts on Oregon agriculture, affecting both yield and quality of crops. The financial implications of crop diseases in Oregon include:
1. Reduced crop yield: Plant diseases can cause significant reductions in crop yield, leading to lower production and financial losses for farmers.
2. Increased production costs: Farmers may need to invest more in disease management strategies such as fungicides or resistant crop varieties, increasing production costs.
3. Decreased market value: Crops affected by diseases may suffer in quality, leading to lower market value or rejection by buyers, further impacting farmers’ income.
4. Long-term effects: Some crop diseases can persist in the soil or plant residues for multiple seasons, impacting future crop yields and profitability.
5. Impact on exports: Disease outbreaks in Oregon crops can also affect the state’s export market, leading to trade restrictions and losses in revenue.
Overall, the economic impacts of crop diseases on Oregon agriculture are substantial, highlighting the importance of proactive disease management and prevention strategies for farmers in the region.
15. How can farmers in Oregon stay informed about the latest developments in crop disease management?
Farmers in Oregon can stay informed about the latest developments in crop disease management through several avenues:
1. Extension Services: Farmers can benefit from the resources provided by Oregon State University Extension Services. These services offer workshops, field days, and publications that cover various crop diseases and management techniques.
2. Online Resources: Websites such as the Oregon Department of Agriculture and the American Phytopathological Society provide up-to-date information on crop diseases, their symptoms, and control measures.
3. Local Workshops and Seminars: Attending local workshops and seminars on crop disease management can help farmers connect with experts and other growers to exchange knowledge and experiences.
4. Crop Consultants: Hiring crop consultants can provide personalized advice on disease management strategies tailored to specific crops and farming practices.
5. Networking: Engaging with other farmers, agronomists, and researchers through industry events, farmer networks, and discussion forums can help farmers stay informed about the latest developments in crop disease management.
By utilizing these resources and staying proactive in seeking information, farmers in Oregon can effectively manage crop diseases and protect their yields.
16. What are the potential risks of chemical interventions in managing crop diseases in Oregon?
Potential risks of chemical interventions in managing crop diseases in Oregon include:
1. Environmental impact: Chemical pesticides can have negative effects on non-target organisms such as pollinators, beneficial insects, and aquatic life when they run off into waterways or soil.
2. Health risks: Exposure to chemical pesticides can pose health risks to farmworkers, nearby residents, and consumers if residues remain on crops. Pesticides have been linked to various health issues, including cancer, neurological disorders, and hormonal disruptions.
3. Development of resistance: Over-reliance on chemical interventions can lead to the development of pesticide-resistant strains of plant pathogens, necessitating the use of higher doses or more toxic chemicals to achieve control.
4. Soil degradation: Continuous use of chemical pesticides can harm soil health, disrupting beneficial microbial populations and reducing overall soil fertility and resilience.
5. Water contamination: Runoff from fields treated with chemical pesticides can contaminate surface water and groundwater, impacting aquatic ecosystems and human drinking water sources.
6. Bioaccumulation: Some chemical pesticides have the potential to accumulate in the food chain, leading to higher concentrations in organisms at higher trophic levels, including humans.
7. Disruption of natural ecosystems: Chemical interventions can disrupt the balance of natural predators and prey, leading to secondary pest outbreaks and further reliance on pesticides.
To mitigate these risks, integrated pest management (IPM) practices should be encouraged, which combine various pest control methods, including cultural, biological, and chemical controls, to minimize the use of chemical interventions while maintaining effective disease management. Additionally, implementing good agricultural practices, such as proper pesticide application techniques and rotation of chemical classes, can help reduce the negative impacts of chemical interventions on Oregon’s agricultural and environmental ecosystems.
17. How do soil health and fertility practices influence crop disease susceptibility in Oregon?
In Oregon, soil health and fertility practices have a significant impact on crop disease susceptibility. Here are some ways in which they influence each other:
1. Soil health plays a vital role in the overall resilience of crops to diseases. Healthy soils with a balanced ecosystem of beneficial microbes and organisms can help plants withstand pathogen attacks.
2. Proper soil fertility practices can promote strong plant growth and development, which in turn can enhance the plant’s ability to resist diseases. Nutrient deficiencies or imbalances in the soil can weaken plants and make them more susceptible to infections.
3. On the other hand, excessive use of chemical fertilizers or poor soil management practices can disrupt the soil microbiome and lead to imbalances that favor disease-causing pathogens.
4. Crop rotation and cover cropping are common soil health practices that can help break disease cycles and reduce pathogen pressure in the soil.
5. Additionally, soil drainage and water management practices can influence the development and spread of soilborne diseases. Poor drainage can create conditions favorable for diseases like root rots and wilts.
Overall, by promoting healthy soil ecosystems and balanced fertility practices, farmers in Oregon can reduce the risk of crop diseases and improve the overall health and productivity of their crops.
18. What are the regulatory considerations for using disease management strategies in Oregon?
In Oregon, regulatory considerations for using disease management strategies in crop production are crucial to ensure environmental safety and public health. Some key points to consider include:
1. Pesticide Regulations: Oregon has specific regulations regarding the use of pesticides for disease management in crops. This includes regulations on pesticide application rates, timing, and the types of pesticides that can be used.
2. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Guidelines: Oregon promotes the use of IPM strategies for disease management, which includes a combination of biological, cultural, physical, and chemical controls. Farmers are encouraged to implement IPM practices to minimize the use of chemical pesticides.
3. Resistant Cultivars: Utilizing disease-resistant crop varieties is an important strategy for disease management in Oregon. Farmers should choose cultivars that are resistant to prevalent diseases in their region to reduce the reliance on chemical controls.
4. Quarantine Measures: In case of outbreaks of certain plant diseases, quarantine measures may be implemented to prevent the spread of the disease to other regions. Farmers need to comply with quarantine regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of harmful pathogens.
5. Reporting Requirements: Farmers may be required to report the presence of certain plant diseases to state agricultural authorities. Timely reporting helps in monitoring disease outbreaks and implementing effective control measures.
6. Environmental Considerations: It is important to consider the potential environmental impacts of disease management strategies. Farmers need to follow best practices to minimize the impact of pesticides on non-target organisms and ecosystems.
By adhering to these regulatory considerations, farmers in Oregon can effectively manage crop diseases while ensuring environmental sustainability and food safety.
19. Are there any research initiatives focused on developing new solutions for crop diseases specific to Oregon?
Yes, there are research initiatives specifically focused on developing new solutions for crop diseases in Oregon. The Oregon State University (OSU) Extension Service and the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) actively engage in research and outreach programs to address the challenges posed by crop diseases in the state. The OSU Extension Service conducts research on various crop diseases affecting Oregon agriculture, such as wheat stripe rust, powdery mildew in grapes, potato late blight, and hazelnut eastern filbert blight. Additionally, the ODA collaborates with researchers, industry stakeholders, and farmers to develop integrated pest management strategies, conduct field trials, and explore innovative solutions to combat crop diseases in Oregon. These research initiatives aim to enhance crop health, productivity, and sustainability while minimizing the impact of diseases on agricultural production in the state.
20. How can collaboration between farmers, researchers, and extension services help mitigate the impact of crop diseases in Oregon?
Collaboration between farmers, researchers, and extension services is crucial for effectively mitigating the impact of crop diseases in Oregon. Here are several ways in which this collaboration can be beneficial:
1. Early detection and monitoring: Farmers often have the first-hand experience of observing unusual symptoms in their crops. By working closely with researchers and extension services, they can report these observations promptly, enabling researchers to quickly identify, monitor, and address emerging crop diseases.
2. Research and development of disease-resistant varieties: Researchers can study the disease mechanisms and develop disease-resistant crop varieties through collaboration with farmers who provide feedback on the performance of these varieties in real-world conditions. Extension services can then disseminate information about these resistant varieties to farmers, promoting their adoption.
3. Training and education: Extension services play a vital role in educating farmers about the best practices for crop disease management, including integrated pest management strategies, proper sanitation measures, and timely interventions. Collaboration between all parties can ensure that the latest information and techniques reach farmers efficiently.
4. Data sharing and information exchange: By sharing data on disease outbreaks, monitoring reports, and research findings, farmers, researchers, and extension services can collectively build a comprehensive understanding of crop diseases in Oregon. This collaboration allows for more targeted and evidence-based disease management strategies.
5. Policy development and advocacy: Through collaboration, farmers, researchers, and extension services can advocate for policies that support sustainable agriculture practices, disease surveillance programs, and research funding to address the ongoing challenges posed by crop diseases in Oregon.
Overall, the synergy between farmers, researchers, and extension services is essential in combating crop diseases effectively, protecting agricultural productivity, and ensuring food security in Oregon.
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